Calcium, iron, magnesium, and phosphorus are essential dietary minerals critical for human health. Calcium (Ca) supports bone structure and muscle function. Iron (Fe) is vital for oxygen transport in hemoglobin. Magnesium (Mg) acts as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. Phosphorus (P) is a component of DNA, RNA, and ATP. These elements occur in various food sources and supplements. They do not form a single chemical compound but are grouped as key micronutrients. Their bioavailability depends on chemical form (e.g., ferrous sulfate for iron). In food chemistry, they contribute to nutritional profiles without volatility or typical organic solubility behaviors.