Minerals such as potassium and calcium are essential inorganic elements required for human physiology. Potassium (K+) regulates fluid balance, nerve impulses, and muscle contractions. Calcium (Ca2+) is critical for bone and tooth structure, blood clotting, and cellular signaling. In food contexts they occur as salts (e.g., potassium chloride, calcium carbonate) that dissociate in aqueous environments. They are obtained from dietary sources including dairy, leafy greens, nuts, and fortified foods. Daily requirements are established by nutritional guidelines; excess intake is typically excreted by healthy kidneys. These minerals do not possess a single molecular structure but exist as ionic species in solution.